THE BRAIN AND THESE PARTS
The brain of vertebrate begin at the anterior end of the spinal cord. When embryo develop then the brain undergoes regional expansion as a hollow tube of nervous tissue forms and develops into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain ( see figure ). The central canal of the spinal cord extends up into the brain and expands into chambers called ventricles. The ventricles are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Hindbrain
The hindbrain is started from the spinal cord and and consist of following parts the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and pons.
The hindbrain is started from the spinal cord and and consist of following parts the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and pons.
Medulla oblongata
The medulla oblongata is the large part of hinbrain and those point where the spinal cord enters the brain. It consist of reflex centers for breathing, swallowing, cardiovascular function, and gastric secretion. The medulla oblongata is found in all jawed vertebrates, reflecting its ability to control visceral functions and to serve as a screen for information that leaves or enters the brain.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum is also the part of hindbrain that next to the outgrowth of the medulla oblongata.
It organize motor activity that associated with limb movement, maintaining posture, and spatial orientation. The cerebellum is different in organism. For example cerebellum in cartilaginous fishes has distinct anterior and posterior lobes. The cerebellum is much larger in birds and mammals—a reflection of complex locomotor patterns and a common evolutionary history of limb development and phylogeny as terrestrial vertebrates.
The cerebellum is also the part of hindbrain that next to the outgrowth of the medulla oblongata.
It organize motor activity that associated with limb movement, maintaining posture, and spatial orientation. The cerebellum is different in organism. For example cerebellum in cartilaginous fishes has distinct anterior and posterior lobes. The cerebellum is much larger in birds and mammals—a reflection of complex locomotor patterns and a common evolutionary history of limb development and phylogeny as terrestrial vertebrates.
Pons
The pons is a bridge in which nerve tracts transverse from the cerebrum of the forebrain to both sides of the cerebellum. It also contains tracts that connect the forebrain and spinal cord in all vertebrates.
The pons is a bridge in which nerve tracts transverse from the cerebrum of the forebrain to both sides of the cerebellum. It also contains tracts that connect the forebrain and spinal cord in all vertebrates.
Midbrain
The midbrain is a center for coordinating reflex responses to visual input. When the brain evolved, it consist of following functions relating to tactile (touch) and auditory (hearing) input, but it did not change in size. The midbrain include the root that is called the optic tectum. It is a thickened region of gray matter that connect visual and auditory signals.
The midbrain is a center for coordinating reflex responses to visual input. When the brain evolved, it consist of following functions relating to tactile (touch) and auditory (hearing) input, but it did not change in size. The midbrain include the root that is called the optic tectum. It is a thickened region of gray matter that connect visual and auditory signals.
Forebrain
The forebrain are anterior portion of the brain; the part of the brain that develops from the anterior part of the neural tube.
The vertebrate forebrain has changed a great deal during vertebrate evolution. The forebrain has two main parts: the diencephalon and telencephalon (see figure).
The vertebrate forebrain has changed a great deal during vertebrate evolution. The forebrain has two main parts: the diencephalon and telencephalon (see figure).
Diencephalon
The diencephalon just lies in the front of the midbrain and include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and thalamus.
The thalamus passing to all sensory information to higher brain centers.
The hypothalamus lies just below the thalamus and perform many functions, such as body temperature, sexual drive, carbohydrate metabolism, hunger, and thirst.
The pineal gland controls some body rhythms.
Telencephalon
Main components of telencephalon are the Cerebrum, Olfactory bulb, Limbic system, Corpus striatum.
In reptiles and birds, the important part of the brain is the corpus striatum, which plays a role in their complex behavior patterns. As the diencephalon slowly expanded during evolution and handled more and more sensory functions, the telencephalon (the front part of the forebrain) expanded rapidly in both size and complexity.
External to the corpus striatum is the cerebrum, which is a large groove divides into right and left cerebral hemispheres. The parts of the brain related to sensory and motor integration changed greatly as vertebrates became more agile and inquisitive. Many functions transfere to the optic tectum to the cerebral hemispheres. The increasing importance of the cerebrum affected many other brain regions, especially the thalamus and cerebellum.
In mammals, the outermost part of the cerebrum, called the cerebral cortex, that increased in size and complexity. Different parts of the cerebrum have specific functions.
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